Average Years of Schooling by Sex
Overview
This figure tracks average years of schooling for Brazilian women and men, ages 15–64, from 1925 to 2015. It shows a long-run reversal: women started the century with less schooling than men and ended it with more, and the figure marks the exact year that crossover happened.
Methodology
The shaded band is the schooling gap between the sexes; its color switches when the sign of the gap flips. Brazilian women moved from a persistent schooling deficit to a durable advantage over the twentieth century — the crossover year is marked directly on the series.
How to Cite
If you use this figure or the pipeline behind it, please cite both the dissertation and this specific analysis. References follow APA 7th edition.
Dissertation (in preparation; the entry will be updated after the defense):
Mançano, T. (2026). Inequality in access to tertiary education in Brazil: Household incomes, reforming policies, and the politics of who gets in (1990s–2020s) [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of São Paulo.
This figure and pipeline:
Mançano, T. (2026, July 12). Average years of schooling by sex [Figure and reproducible pipeline]. Open Data Analysis. https://mancano-tales.github.io/open-data-analysis/posts/educabr2-schooling-sex/
In text: (Mançano, 2026) — when citing several analyses from this catalog in the same work, APA distinguishes them as 2026a, 2026b, … in the order they appear in the reference list.
BibTeX:
@mastersthesis{Mancano2026Thesis,
author = {Man\c{c}ano, Tales},
title = {Inequality in Access to Tertiary Education in Brazil: Household
Incomes, Reforming Policies, and the Politics of Who Gets In
(1990s--2020s)},
school = {University of S\~{a}o Paulo},
year = {2026},
type = {Master's thesis},
note = {Unpublished; Graduate Program in Political Science}
}
@misc{Mancano2026_educabr2_schooling_sex,
author = {Man\c{c}ano, Tales},
title = {Average years of schooling by sex},
year = {2026},
month = jul,
howpublished = {Open Data Analysis, \url{https://mancano-tales.github.io/open-data-analysis/posts/educabr2-schooling-sex/}},
note = {Figure and reproducible pipeline. Source code: \url{https://github.com/mancano-tales/open-data-analysis}, folder posts/educabr2-schooling-sex/. Accessed YYYY-MM-DD}
}A permanent version (Git tag + Zenodo DOI) will be linked here once the dissertation is defended; until then, cite the page URL above and add the date you accessed it (source code: https://github.com/mancano-tales/open-data-analysis, folder posts/educabr2-schooling-sex/).
Pipeline
Scripts for this analysis:
Reproducibility
Tier: A (cross-repo)
This pipeline depends on the public R package educabr2 (remotes::install_github("mancano-tales/educabr2")), which already embeds the necessary data.