This appendix collects all data visualizations produced during the quantitative analysis for this thesis. The research draws on multiple data sources — PNAD/IBGE household surveys (1992–2022), PNAD Contínua (2012–2024), the Brazilian Demographic Census (1991, 2010), and CENSUP higher education enrollment microdata — to examine inequality of access to tertiary education in Brazil across income, race, and regional dimensions.

All static graphs and maps were generated in R using `ggplot2`; interactive visualizations use `plotly` via `htmlwidgets`. Click any image to enlarge it (lightbox). Data pipelines are documented in `4-DA-Code/`.

::: {.content-visible when-format="html"}

### Contents

| Section | Description |
|---|---|
| [Interactive Visualizations](#interactive) | Self-contained HTML widgets (LOESS access curves, income trajectories) |
| [Income & Inequality by Government](#income-government) | Decile-level income trajectories, heatmaps, and variation across presidential terms |
| [Spatial Analysis — PNADC](#spatial-pnadc) | Choropleth maps of educational inequality by state (2012–2024) |
| [Spatial Analysis — Salata PNAD](#spatial-salata) | Regional concentration index maps (1992–2022) |
| [Census & Municipal Maps](#census-maps) | Municipal-level Gini, LISA clusters, bivariate maps, Brazil–US comparison |
| [Scatter Plots](#scatter) | Income × access, Gini × concentration, agro sector analysis |
| [Concentration Indices](#concentration) | Wagstaff & Erreygers indices, Gini evolution, annual concentration curves |
| [Saturation & MMI](#saturation) | Maximally Maintained Inequality and educational saturation by decile |
| [Access by Income](#access) | Tertiary access rates by income decile and percentile |
| [Racial Composition & Inclusion](#race-inclusion) | Enrollment and completion by race; ProUni, FIES, and quotas impact |
| [Enrollment & Institutional Structure](#enrollment) | Public vs. private enrollment trends; organizational categories |
| [Comparative Education Policy](#lelee) | Cross-country attainment comparisons using Lee & Lee (2016) data |
| [Animated Visualization](#animated) | GIF: education & income dynamics 1992–2022 |
| [External References](#references) | Figures from OECD, Chetty, Senkevics, and other published sources |

---

## Interactive Visualizations {#interactive}

These are self-contained HTML widgets. Click to open in a new tab.

- 📊 [Access Rate by Income Percentile — LOESS Smoothing (PNADC)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-06-07_080_Taxa_Acesso_Centil_LOESS.html){target="_blank"}
- 📊 [Income Trajectories by Decile — Salata Data (interactive)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_092_Renda_Trajetoria_Salata_interativo.html){target="_blank"}
- 📊 [Income Trajectories by Decile — PNADC (interactive)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_093_Renda_Trajetoria_PNADC_interativo.html){target="_blank"}

---

## Income & Inequality by Government Period {#income-government}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Income trajectory by decile and government](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_trajetoria.png){group="income-gov"}

![Income heatmap by decile and government](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_heatmap.png){group="income-gov"}

![Annual income variation by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_anual.png){group="income-gov"}

![Total income variation by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_total.png){group="income-gov"}

:::

### Script 091 — Variant

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Income trajectory (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_trajetoria.png){group="income-091"}

![Income heatmap (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_heatmap.png){group="income-091"}

![Annual variation (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_anual.png){group="income-091"}

![Total variation (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_total.png){group="income-091"}

:::

---

## Spatial Analysis — PNADC {#spatial-pnadc}

### Inequality Maps by State (PNADC 2012–2024)

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Faceted map — all years](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_facetado.png){group="maps-pnadc"}

![Gini Income — States 2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_055_Mapa_Gini_Renda_estados_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc"}

![Gini Income — Regions 2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_055_Mapa_Gini_Renda_regioes_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc"}

:::

::: {layout-ncol=4}

![2012](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2012.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2014](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2014.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2016](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2016.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2018](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2018.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2019](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2019.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2022](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2022.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2023](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2023.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

![2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"}

:::

---

## Spatial Analysis — Salata PNAD (1992–2022) {#spatial-salata}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Faceted map — all years (Salata)](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_facetado.png){group="maps-salata"}

:::

::: {layout-ncol=4}

![1992](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_1992.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![1997](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_1997.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2001](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2001.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2005](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2005.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2009](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2009.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2013](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2013.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2017](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2017.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

![2022](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2022.png){group="maps-salata-year"}

:::

---

## Census & Municipal Maps {#census-maps}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Agro Gini — Municipalities (Censo 2010)](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_056_Gini_Censo2010_Agro_mapa_municipios.png){group="census-maps"}

![LISA Clusters](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_058_Gini_Clusters_clusters_lisa.png){group="census-maps"}

![Bivariate map: Income × Access](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_059_Renda_x_Acesso_mapa_bivariado.png){group="census-maps"}

![Top 1% Location Quotient](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_mapa_lq_top1.png){group="census-maps"}

![% Rich by Municipality](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_mapa_pct_ricos.png){group="census-maps"}

![Top 1% — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_061_Ricos_Absoluto_bolhas_top1.png){group="census-maps"}

![Top 10% — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_061_Ricos_Absoluto_bolhas_top10.png){group="census-maps"}

:::

### US Comparison

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![US Gini by County](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_gini_county.png){group="us-maps"}

![US % Rich by County](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_pct_ricos_county.png){group="us-maps"}

![US Rich — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_bolhas_ricos.png){group="us-maps"}

:::

---

## Scatter Plots & Cross-Sectional Analysis {#scatter}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Income × Access scatter](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_059_Renda_x_Acesso_scatter_renda_x_acesso.png){group="scatter"}

![Gini × Rich scatter](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_scatter_gini_x_ricos.png){group="scatter"}

![Agro comparison by region](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_056_Gini_Censo2010_Agro_comparacao_agro_regioes.png){group="scatter"}

![Agro vs. States](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_057_Gini_Agro_vs_Estados.png){group="scatter"}

:::

---

## Concentration Indices & Inequality Trends {#concentration}

### Wagstaff Concentration Index — Regional Trends

![CI Wagstaff — Regional trends](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-05-16_260_Tendencia_CI_Wagstaff_Regioes.png){group="concentration"}

### Erreygers Index — Time Series

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Erreygers: enrolled vs. entrants (all years)](../6-images-tables/graphs/2026-01-25_27_erreygers_matriculado_vs_ingressou_todos_anos.png){group="erreygers"}

![Complete series: sup_a and sup](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_27_serie_completa_todos_anos_sup_a_e_sup.png){group="erreygers"}

![Comparative time series](../6-images-tables/graphs/2026-01-25_25_serie_temporal_comparativa.png){group="erreygers"}

:::

### Gini & Concentration Curves (script 13)

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Income Gini evolution](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_renda_gini_evolucao.png){group="gini13"}

![Concentration curves — education](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_curvas_concentracao_educacao.png){group="gini13"}

![Concentration — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_matriculado.png){group="gini13"}

![Concentration — tertiary](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_superior.png){group="gini13"}

![Concentration — secondary](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_ensino_medio.png){group="gini13"}

:::

### Concentration Curves by Year (script 25)

Representative samples from 4 series of annual concentration curves (28 years each, 112 images total). Click to browse.

::: {layout-ncol=4}

![Enrolled 1992](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_1992.png){group="cc-matriculado"}

![Enrolled 2005](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2005.png){group="cc-matriculado"}

![Enrolled 2014](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2014.png){group="cc-matriculado"}

![Enrolled 2022](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2022.png){group="cc-matriculado"}

![Entrants 1992](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_1992.png){group="cc-sup"}

![Entrants 2005](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2005.png){group="cc-sup"}

![Entrants 2014](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2014.png){group="cc-sup"}

![Entrants 2022](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2022.png){group="cc-sup"}

:::

---

## Saturation & Maximally Maintained Inequality {#saturation}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Complete saturation — youth](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-01-25_18_saturacao_completa_jovens.png){group="saturation"}

![Tertiary saturation — MMI (youth)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-01-25_18_saturacao_superior_jovens_MMI.png){group="saturation"}

![Saturation — enrolled by decile (adults)](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-02-16_15_Excelente_funcional_saturacao_matriculado_decil_adultos.png){group="saturation"}

![Saturation — tertiary by decile (adults)](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-02-16_15_Excelente_funcional_saturacao_superior_decil_adultos.png){group="saturation"}

:::

---

## Access to Tertiary Education by Income {#access}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Completion by decile (Salata PNAD)](../6-images-tables/graphs/_diversos/2026-02-16_180_1_PNAD_Salata2025_Comp_Ens_Sup_Decil_INCOME.png){group="access"}

![Access rate by decile — national avg](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-16_190_1_Taxa_Acesso_Sup_por_Decil_media_nacional.png){group="access"}

![Relative access rate by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-16_193_Taxa_Relativa_Acesso_Sup_por_Decil_media_nacional.png){group="access"}

![Average income by percentile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-02-16_220_Renda_Media_por_Centil.png){group="access"}

:::

---

## Racial Composition & HE Inclusion Policies {#race-inclusion}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Enrollment rate by race](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-05_150_Taxa_Matricula_Sup_por_Raca.png){group="race"}

![Racial composition — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-05_152_Proporcao_Matriculados_Sup_por_Raca_comp_racial.png){group="race"}

![Completion rate by race](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-08_153_Proporcao_Conclusao_Sup_por_Raca.png){group="race"}

![Racial composition — enrolled (281)](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-17_281_Composicao_Racial_Matriculados_Sup.png){group="race"}

:::

### HE Inclusion Policies Impact

::: {layout-ncol=3}

![Inclusion policies — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_enrolled.png){group="inclusion"}

![Inclusion policies — entrants](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_entrants.png){group="inclusion"}

![Inclusion policies — graduates](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_graduates.png){group="inclusion"}

:::

---

## Enrollment Composition & Institutional Structure {#enrollment}

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Entrants by income decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-08_163_Composicao_Ingressantes_Sup_por_Decil_renda_v0.png){group="enrollment"}

![Entrants by income decile (163-7)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-13_163-7_Composicao_Ingressantes_Sup_por_Decil_renda.png){group="enrollment"}

![Enrollment by org/admin category](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-03-21_169_01_TOTAL_ENROLLMENT_BY_ORG_AND_ADMIN_CAT.png){group="enrollment"}

![Enrollment by org type](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-03-21_169_01_TOTAL_ENROLLMENT_BY_ORG_AND_ADMIN_ORG.png){group="enrollment"}

:::

### Public vs. Private Enrollment

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![Public vs. Private (700, Nov 2025)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2025-11-18_700_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"}

![Public vs. Private from 1980](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2025-11-18_700_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private_1980.png){group="pubpriv"}

![Public vs. Private (701)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-02-13_701_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"}

![Public vs. Private (702)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-02-16_702_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Education_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"}

:::

---

## Comparative Education Policy (Lee & Lee 2016) {#lelee}

::: {layout-ncol=3}

![Primary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_primario.png){group="lelee"}

![Secondary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_secundario.png){group="lelee"}

![Tertiary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_terciario.png){group="lelee"}

![Primary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-03_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_pri_comp.png){group="lelee"}

![Secondary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-05_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_sec_comp.png){group="lelee"}

![Tertiary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-05_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_ter_comp.png){group="lelee"}

:::

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![All levels count](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-10_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_count_all_levels_v1.png){group="lelee"}

![Attainment rates](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-10_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_rates_v1.png){group="lelee"}

:::

---

## Animated Visualization {#animated}

![Education & Income 1992–2022 (animated GIF)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-01-23_educacao_renda_1992_2022.gif){group="animated"}

---

## External References {#external-references-gallery}

Figures sourced from published papers and reports, used for comparative context.

### OECD — Education at a Glance 2024

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![OECD Fig A1.1 — Below upper secondary (25-34)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigA1-1_Below_Upper_Secondary_25-34.png){group="oecd"}

![OECD Fig A1.1 — annotated (Brazil)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigA1-1_Below_Upper_Secondary_25-34_annotated.png){group="oecd"}

![OECD Fig B4.1 — Public institution share](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigB4-1_Public_Inst_Share_Graduates.png){group="oecd"}

![OECD Fig B4.1 — annotated (Brazil)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigB4-1_Public_Inst_Share_Graduates_annotated.png){group="oecd"}

:::

### Academic Literature

::: {layout-ncol=3}

![Chetty 2020 — Fig 1A](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Chetty2020_Fig1A.png){group="refs-academic"}

![Senkevics & Mello 2019 — Gráfico 1](../6-images-tables/references/ref_SenkevicsMello2019_Grafico1.png){group="refs-academic"}

![Senkevics et al. 2024](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Senkevicks-etal-2024_2026-03-20.png){group="refs-academic"}

![Senkevics 2024 — Fig 2](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Senkevics2024_Fig2.png){group="refs-academic"}

![Maduro Junior 2007 — Public vs. Private](../6-images-tables/references/ref_MaduroJunior2007_PublicVsPrivate.png){group="refs-academic"}

![Souza & Hecksher 2025 — Renda Domiciliar](../6-images-tables/references/ref_SouzaHecksher2025_RendaDomiciliar.png){group="refs-academic"}

:::

### IBGE & Media

::: {layout-ncol=2}

![IBGE — Analfabetismo](../6-images-tables/references/ref_IBGE_Analfabetismo_2024-03-21.png){group="refs-media"}

![Carnaval — Filho de Pobre (1)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Carnaval_FilhoDePobre_1.png){group="refs-media"}

:::

:::

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This appendix is published in the HTML version only.
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