This appendix collects all data visualizations produced during the quantitative analysis for this thesis. The research draws on multiple data sources — PNAD/IBGE household surveys (1992–2022), PNAD Contínua (2012–2024), the Brazilian Demographic Census (1991, 2010), and CENSUP higher education enrollment microdata — to examine inequality of access to tertiary education in Brazil across income, race, and regional dimensions. All static graphs and maps were generated in R using `ggplot2`; interactive visualizations use `plotly` via `htmlwidgets`. Click any image to enlarge it (lightbox). Data pipelines are documented in `4-DA-Code/`. ::: {.content-visible when-format="html"} ### Contents | Section | Description | |---|---| | [Interactive Visualizations](#interactive) | Self-contained HTML widgets (LOESS access curves, income trajectories) | | [Income & Inequality by Government](#income-government) | Decile-level income trajectories, heatmaps, and variation across presidential terms | | [Spatial Analysis — PNADC](#spatial-pnadc) | Choropleth maps of educational inequality by state (2012–2024) | | [Spatial Analysis — Salata PNAD](#spatial-salata) | Regional concentration index maps (1992–2022) | | [Census & Municipal Maps](#census-maps) | Municipal-level Gini, LISA clusters, bivariate maps, Brazil–US comparison | | [Scatter Plots](#scatter) | Income × access, Gini × concentration, agro sector analysis | | [Concentration Indices](#concentration) | Wagstaff & Erreygers indices, Gini evolution, annual concentration curves | | [Saturation & MMI](#saturation) | Maximally Maintained Inequality and educational saturation by decile | | [Access by Income](#access) | Tertiary access rates by income decile and percentile | | [Racial Composition & Inclusion](#race-inclusion) | Enrollment and completion by race; ProUni, FIES, and quotas impact | | [Enrollment & Institutional Structure](#enrollment) | Public vs. private enrollment trends; organizational categories | | [Comparative Education Policy](#lelee) | Cross-country attainment comparisons using Lee & Lee (2016) data | | [Animated Visualization](#animated) | GIF: education & income dynamics 1992–2022 | | [External References](#references) | Figures from OECD, Chetty, Senkevics, and other published sources | --- ## Interactive Visualizations {#interactive} These are self-contained HTML widgets. Click to open in a new tab. - 📊 [Access Rate by Income Percentile — LOESS Smoothing (PNADC)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-06-07_080_Taxa_Acesso_Centil_LOESS.html){target="_blank"} - 📊 [Income Trajectories by Decile — Salata Data (interactive)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_092_Renda_Trajetoria_Salata_interativo.html){target="_blank"} - 📊 [Income Trajectories by Decile — PNADC (interactive)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_093_Renda_Trajetoria_PNADC_interativo.html){target="_blank"} --- ## Income & Inequality by Government Period {#income-government} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Income trajectory by decile and government](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_trajetoria.png){group="income-gov"} ![Income heatmap by decile and government](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_heatmap.png){group="income-gov"} ![Annual income variation by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_anual.png){group="income-gov"} ![Total income variation by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_090_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_total.png){group="income-gov"} ::: ### Script 091 — Variant ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Income trajectory (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_trajetoria.png){group="income-091"} ![Income heatmap (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_heatmap.png){group="income-091"} ![Annual variation (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_anual.png){group="income-091"} ![Total variation (091)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_091_Renda_Decil_Governo_variacao_total.png){group="income-091"} ::: --- ## Spatial Analysis — PNADC {#spatial-pnadc} ### Inequality Maps by State (PNADC 2012–2024) ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Faceted map — all years](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_facetado.png){group="maps-pnadc"} ![Gini Income — States 2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_055_Mapa_Gini_Renda_estados_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc"} ![Gini Income — Regions 2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_055_Mapa_Gini_Renda_regioes_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc"} ::: ::: {layout-ncol=4} ![2012](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2012.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2014](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2014.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2016](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2016.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2018](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2018.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2019](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2019.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2022](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2022.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2023](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2023.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ![2024](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_050_Mapa_Desigualdade_Estados_2024.png){group="maps-pnadc-year"} ::: --- ## Spatial Analysis — Salata PNAD (1992–2022) {#spatial-salata} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Faceted map — all years (Salata)](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_facetado.png){group="maps-salata"} ::: ::: {layout-ncol=4} ![1992](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_1992.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![1997](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_1997.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2001](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2001.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2005](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2005.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2009](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2009.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2013](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2013.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2017](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2017.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ![2022](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-05-16_250_Mapa_Regioes_Salata_2022.png){group="maps-salata-year"} ::: --- ## Census & Municipal Maps {#census-maps} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Agro Gini — Municipalities (Censo 2010)](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_056_Gini_Censo2010_Agro_mapa_municipios.png){group="census-maps"} ![LISA Clusters](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_058_Gini_Clusters_clusters_lisa.png){group="census-maps"} ![Bivariate map: Income × Access](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_059_Renda_x_Acesso_mapa_bivariado.png){group="census-maps"} ![Top 1% Location Quotient](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_mapa_lq_top1.png){group="census-maps"} ![% Rich by Municipality](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_mapa_pct_ricos.png){group="census-maps"} ![Top 1% — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_061_Ricos_Absoluto_bolhas_top1.png){group="census-maps"} ![Top 10% — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_061_Ricos_Absoluto_bolhas_top10.png){group="census-maps"} ::: ### US Comparison ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![US Gini by County](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_gini_county.png){group="us-maps"} ![US % Rich by County](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_pct_ricos_county.png){group="us-maps"} ![US Rich — Bubble map](../6-images-tables/maps/2026-06-07_062_US_Gini_Ricos_bolhas_ricos.png){group="us-maps"} ::: --- ## Scatter Plots & Cross-Sectional Analysis {#scatter} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Income × Access scatter](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-06-07_059_Renda_x_Acesso_scatter_renda_x_acesso.png){group="scatter"} ![Gini × Rich scatter](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_060_Onde_Ricos_scatter_gini_x_ricos.png){group="scatter"} ![Agro comparison by region](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_056_Gini_Censo2010_Agro_comparacao_agro_regioes.png){group="scatter"} ![Agro vs. States](../6-images-tables/graphs/agro-regional/2026-06-07_057_Gini_Agro_vs_Estados.png){group="scatter"} ::: --- ## Concentration Indices & Inequality Trends {#concentration} ### Wagstaff Concentration Index — Regional Trends ![CI Wagstaff — Regional trends](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-05-16_260_Tendencia_CI_Wagstaff_Regioes.png){group="concentration"} ### Erreygers Index — Time Series ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Erreygers: enrolled vs. entrants (all years)](../6-images-tables/graphs/2026-01-25_27_erreygers_matriculado_vs_ingressou_todos_anos.png){group="erreygers"} ![Complete series: sup_a and sup](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_27_serie_completa_todos_anos_sup_a_e_sup.png){group="erreygers"} ![Comparative time series](../6-images-tables/graphs/2026-01-25_25_serie_temporal_comparativa.png){group="erreygers"} ::: ### Gini & Concentration Curves (script 13) ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Income Gini evolution](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_renda_gini_evolucao.png){group="gini13"} ![Concentration curves — education](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_curvas_concentracao_educacao.png){group="gini13"} ![Concentration — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_matriculado.png){group="gini13"} ![Concentration — tertiary](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_superior.png){group="gini13"} ![Concentration — secondary](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-24_13_GiniIneq_dow_concentracao_ensino_medio.png){group="gini13"} ::: ### Concentration Curves by Year (script 25) Representative samples from 4 series of annual concentration curves (28 years each, 112 images total). Click to browse. ::: {layout-ncol=4} ![Enrolled 1992](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_1992.png){group="cc-matriculado"} ![Enrolled 2005](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2005.png){group="cc-matriculado"} ![Enrolled 2014](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2014.png){group="cc-matriculado"} ![Enrolled 2022](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_matriculado/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_2022.png){group="cc-matriculado"} ![Entrants 1992](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_1992.png){group="cc-sup"} ![Entrants 2005](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2005.png){group="cc-sup"} ![Entrants 2014](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2014.png){group="cc-sup"} ![Entrants 2022](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-01-25_25_curvas_concentracao_sup/2026-01-25_25_curva_concentracao_sup_2022.png){group="cc-sup"} ::: --- ## Saturation & Maximally Maintained Inequality {#saturation} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Complete saturation — youth](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-01-25_18_saturacao_completa_jovens.png){group="saturation"} ![Tertiary saturation — MMI (youth)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-01-25_18_saturacao_superior_jovens_MMI.png){group="saturation"} ![Saturation — enrolled by decile (adults)](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-02-16_15_Excelente_funcional_saturacao_matriculado_decil_adultos.png){group="saturation"} ![Saturation — tertiary by decile (adults)](../6-images-tables/graphs/wagstaff-concentracao/2026-02-16_15_Excelente_funcional_saturacao_superior_decil_adultos.png){group="saturation"} ::: --- ## Access to Tertiary Education by Income {#access} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Completion by decile (Salata PNAD)](../6-images-tables/graphs/_diversos/2026-02-16_180_1_PNAD_Salata2025_Comp_Ens_Sup_Decil_INCOME.png){group="access"} ![Access rate by decile — national avg](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-16_190_1_Taxa_Acesso_Sup_por_Decil_media_nacional.png){group="access"} ![Relative access rate by decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-16_193_Taxa_Relativa_Acesso_Sup_por_Decil_media_nacional.png){group="access"} ![Average income by percentile](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-02-16_220_Renda_Media_por_Centil.png){group="access"} ::: --- ## Racial Composition & HE Inclusion Policies {#race-inclusion} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Enrollment rate by race](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-05_150_Taxa_Matricula_Sup_por_Raca.png){group="race"} ![Racial composition — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-05_152_Proporcao_Matriculados_Sup_por_Raca_comp_racial.png){group="race"} ![Completion rate by race](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-08_153_Proporcao_Conclusao_Sup_por_Raca.png){group="race"} ![Racial composition — enrolled (281)](../6-images-tables/graphs/raca/2026-02-17_281_Composicao_Racial_Matriculados_Sup.png){group="race"} ::: ### HE Inclusion Policies Impact ::: {layout-ncol=3} ![Inclusion policies — enrolled](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_enrolled.png){group="inclusion"} ![Inclusion policies — entrants](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_entrants.png){group="inclusion"} ![Inclusion policies — graduates](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-17_168_5_HE_Inclusion_Policies_graduates.png){group="inclusion"} ::: --- ## Enrollment Composition & Institutional Structure {#enrollment} ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Entrants by income decile](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-08_163_Composicao_Ingressantes_Sup_por_Decil_renda_v0.png){group="enrollment"} ![Entrants by income decile (163-7)](../6-images-tables/graphs/series-acesso/2026-02-13_163-7_Composicao_Ingressantes_Sup_por_Decil_renda.png){group="enrollment"} ![Enrollment by org/admin category](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-03-21_169_01_TOTAL_ENROLLMENT_BY_ORG_AND_ADMIN_CAT.png){group="enrollment"} ![Enrollment by org type](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-03-21_169_01_TOTAL_ENROLLMENT_BY_ORG_AND_ADMIN_ORG.png){group="enrollment"} ::: ### Public vs. Private Enrollment ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![Public vs. Private (700, Nov 2025)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2025-11-18_700_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"} ![Public vs. Private from 1980](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2025-11-18_700_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private_1980.png){group="pubpriv"} ![Public vs. Private (701)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-02-13_701_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"} ![Public vs. Private (702)](../6-images-tables/graphs/matriculas-setor/2026-02-16_702_VIZ_Brazil_Count_Enrollment_Tertiary_Education_Public_vs_Private.png){group="pubpriv"} ::: --- ## Comparative Education Policy (Lee & Lee 2016) {#lelee} ::: {layout-ncol=3} ![Primary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_primario.png){group="lelee"} ![Secondary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_secundario.png){group="lelee"} ![Tertiary attainment](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-10-24_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_atingimento_terciario.png){group="lelee"} ![Primary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-03_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_pri_comp.png){group="lelee"} ![Secondary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-05_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_sec_comp.png){group="lelee"} ![Tertiary completion comparison](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-05_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_ter_comp.png){group="lelee"} ::: ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![All levels count](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-10_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_count_all_levels_v1.png){group="lelee"} ![Attainment rates](../6-images-tables/graphs/2025-11-10_200_CHA_Ed_Policy_LeeLee2016_rates_v1.png){group="lelee"} ::: --- ## Animated Visualization {#animated} ![Education & Income 1992–2022 (animated GIF)](../6-images-tables/graphs/renda-decis/2026-01-23_educacao_renda_1992_2022.gif){group="animated"} --- ## External References {#external-references-gallery} Figures sourced from published papers and reports, used for comparative context. ### OECD — Education at a Glance 2024 ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![OECD Fig A1.1 — Below upper secondary (25-34)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigA1-1_Below_Upper_Secondary_25-34.png){group="oecd"} ![OECD Fig A1.1 — annotated (Brazil)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigA1-1_Below_Upper_Secondary_25-34_annotated.png){group="oecd"} ![OECD Fig B4.1 — Public institution share](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigB4-1_Public_Inst_Share_Graduates.png){group="oecd"} ![OECD Fig B4.1 — annotated (Brazil)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_OECD-EAG2024_FigB4-1_Public_Inst_Share_Graduates_annotated.png){group="oecd"} ::: ### Academic Literature ::: {layout-ncol=3} ![Chetty 2020 — Fig 1A](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Chetty2020_Fig1A.png){group="refs-academic"} ![Senkevics & Mello 2019 — Gráfico 1](../6-images-tables/references/ref_SenkevicsMello2019_Grafico1.png){group="refs-academic"} ![Senkevics et al. 2024](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Senkevicks-etal-2024_2026-03-20.png){group="refs-academic"} ![Senkevics 2024 — Fig 2](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Senkevics2024_Fig2.png){group="refs-academic"} ![Maduro Junior 2007 — Public vs. Private](../6-images-tables/references/ref_MaduroJunior2007_PublicVsPrivate.png){group="refs-academic"} ![Souza & Hecksher 2025 — Renda Domiciliar](../6-images-tables/references/ref_SouzaHecksher2025_RendaDomiciliar.png){group="refs-academic"} ::: ### IBGE & Media ::: {layout-ncol=2} ![IBGE — Analfabetismo](../6-images-tables/references/ref_IBGE_Analfabetismo_2024-03-21.png){group="refs-media"} ![Carnaval — Filho de Pobre (1)](../6-images-tables/references/ref_Carnaval_FilhoDePobre_1.png){group="refs-media"} ::: ::: ::: {.content-visible unless-format="html"} This appendix is published in the HTML version only. :::